Serge Ahmed
Team leader
Researcher - PhD (DR) / CNRS/ Contact
+33 5 33 51 48 05
www.orcid.org/0000-0002-1225-9234
Scientific articles
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The importance of choice and agency in animal models of addiction
Serge H. Ahmed.
J Neural Transm. 2023-10-31.
10.1007/s00702-023-02712-8 -
Large‐scale brain correlates of sweet versus cocaine reward in rats
Magalie Lenoir, Sylvia Navailles, Youna Vandaele, Caroline Vouillac‐Mendoza, Karine Guillem, Serge H. Ahmed.
Eur J of Neuroscience. 2022-12-01.
10.1111/ejn.15879 -
Cocaine falls into oblivion during volitional initiation of choice trials
Youna Vandaele, Eric Augier, Caroline Vouillac‐Mendoza, Serge H. Ahmed.
Addiction Biology. 2022-10-04. 27(6)
10.1111/adb.13235 -
Altered neuronal activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex drives nicotine intake escalation
Myriam Abarkan, Giulia R. Fois, Caroline Vouillac-Mendoza, Serge H. Ahmed, Karine Guillem.
Neuropsychopharmacol.. 2022-08-30.
10.1038/s41386-022-01428-9 -
Large-scale brain correlates of sweet versus cocaine reward in rats
Magalie Lenoir, Sylvia Navailles, Youna Vandaele, Caroline Vouillac-Mendoza, Karine Guillem, Serge H. Ahmed.
Preprint bioRxiv. 2022-06-02.
10.1101/2022.06.01.494287 -
Inhibition of striatal SEZ6 by miR-3594-5p is a drug-specific marker for late-stage heroin intake escalation
Magalie Lenoir, Isabella Bondi, Loïc Clemenceau, Isabelle Nondier, Margaux Ballé, Sébastien Jacques, Angéline Duché, Corinne Canestrelli, Séverine Martin-Lannerée, Sophie Mouillet-Richard, Jenny M. Gunnersen, Serge H. Ahmed, Nicolas Marie, Florence Noble.
. 2021-07-26.
10.1101/2021.07.26.453355 -
Probing the decision-making mechanisms underlying choice between drug and nondrug rewards in rats
Youna Vandaele, Magalie Lenoir, Caroline Vouillac-Mendoza, Karine Guillem, Serge H Ahmed.
eLife. 2021-04-26. 10
10.7554/eLife.64993 -
Habit, choice and addiction
Y. Vandaele, S. H. Ahmed.
Neuropsychopharmacol.. 2020-11-09.
10.1038/s41386-020-00899-y -
Loss of resistance to punishment of cocaine use after prior experience
Audrey Durand, Paul Girardeau, Luana Freese, Serge H. Ahmed.
Preprint bioRxiv. 2020-07-26.
10.1101/2020.07.24.219170 -
Animal Models of the Behavioral Symptoms of Substance Use Disorders
Louk J.M.J. Vanderschuren, Serge H. Ahmed.
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2020-06-08. : a040287.
10.1101/cshperspect.a040287 -
Reorganization of Theta Phase-Locking in the Orbitofrontal Cortex Drives Cocaine Choice Under the Influence
Karine Guillem, Serge H Ahmed.
Sci Rep. 2020-05-15. 10(1) : 8041.
10.1038/s41598-020-64962-w -
Habitual Preference for the Nondrug Reward in a Drug Choice Setting
Youna Vandaele, Karine Guillem, Serge H. Ahmed.
Front. Behav. Neurosci.. 2020-05-25. 14
10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00078 -
Pharmacokinetics trumps pharmacodynamics during cocaine choice: a reconciliation with the dopamine hypothesis of addiction
Ludivine Canchy, Paul Girardeau, Audrey Durand, Caroline Vouillac-Mendoza, Serge H. Ahmed.
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2021-01. 46 : 288-296.
10.1038/s41386-020-0786-9 -
Sugar intake and craving during alcohol withdrawal in alcohol use disorder inpatients
Régis Alarcon, Margaux Tiberghien, Raphael Trouillet, Stéphanie Pelletier, Amandine Luquiens, Serge H. Ahmed, Bertrand Nalpas, Stéphanie Alaux‐Cantin, Mickaël Naassila, Pascal Perney.
Addiction Biology. 2020-04-19.
10.1111/adb.12907 -
Relapse to cocaine use persists following extinction of drug-primed craving
Paul Girardeau, Sylvia Navailles, Audrey Durand, Caroline Vouillac-Mendoza, Karine Guillem, Serge H. Ahmed.
Neuropharmacology. 2019-06-01.
10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.036 -
A neuronal population code for resemblance between drug and nondrug reward outcomes in the orbitofrontal cortex
Karine Guillem, Serge H. Ahmed.
Brain Struct Funct. 2018-12-11.
10.1007/s00429-018-1809-8 -
Trying to make sense of rodents’ drug choice behavior
Serge H. Ahmed.
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2018-12-01. 87 : 3-10.
10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.027 -
A transdiagnostic dimensional approach towards a neuropsychological assessment for addiction: an international Delphi consensus study
Murat Yücel, Erin Oldenhof, Serge H. Ahmed, David Belin, Joel Billieux, Henrietta Bowden-Jones, Adrian Carter, Samuel R. Chamberlain, Luke Clark, Jason Connor, Mark Daglish, Geert Dom, Pinhas Dannon, Theodora Duka, Maria Jose Fernandez-Serrano, Matt Field, Ingmar Franken, Rita Z. Goldstein, Raul Gonzalez, Anna E. Goudriaan, Jon E. Grant, Matthew J. Gullo, Robert Hester, David C. Hodgins, Bernard Le Foll, Rico S. C. Lee, Anne Lingford-Hughes, Valentina Lorenzetti, Scott J. Moeller, Marcus R. Munafò, Brian Odlaug, Marc N. Potenza, Rebecca Segrave, Zsuzsika Sjoerds, Nadia Solowij, Wim van den Brink, Ruth J. van Holst, Valerie Voon, Reinout Wiers, Leonardo F. Fontenelle, Antonio Verdejo-Garcia.
Addiction. 2018-10-05.
10.1111/add.14424 -
Individual decision-making in the causal pathway to addiction: contributions and limitations of rodent models.
Serge H. Ahmed.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 2018-01-01. 164 : 22-31.
10.1016/j.pbb.2017.07.005 -
Misdeed of the need: towards computational accounts of transition to addiction.
Mehdi Keramati, Serge H Ahmed, Boris S Gutkin.
Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2017-10-01. 46 : 142-153.
10.1016/j.conb.2017.08.014 -
Incubation of Accumbal Neuronal Reactivity to Cocaine Cues During Abstinence Predicts Individual Vulnerability to Relapse.
Karine Guillem, Serge H Ahmed.
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017-09-18. 43(5) : 1059-1065.
10.1038/npp.2017.224 -
Neuronal representation of individual heroin choices in the orbitofrontal cortex
Karine Guillem, Viridiana Brenot, Audrey Durand, Serge H. Ahmed.
Addiction Biology. 2017-07-13. 23(3) : 880-888.
10.1111/adb.12536 -
Preference for Cocaine is Represented in the Orbitofrontal Cortex by an Increased Proportion of Cocaine Use-Coding Neurons.
Karine Guillem, Serge H. Ahmed.
Cereb. Cortex. 2017-01-04.
10.1093/cercor/bhw398 -
Cocaine addiction as a homeostatic reinforcement learning disorder.
Mehdi Keramati, Audrey Durand, Paul Girardeau, Boris Gutkin, Serge H. Ahmed.
Psychological Review. 2017-01-01. 124(2) : 130-153.
10.1037/rev0000046 -
Erratum to: Review of the nutritional benefits and risks related to intense sweeteners.
Olivier Bruyère, Serge H. Ahmed, Catherine Atlan, Jacques Belegaud, Murielle Bortolotti, Marie-Chantal Canivenc-Lavier, Sybil Charrière, Jean-Philippe Girardet, Sabine Houdart, Esther Kalonji, Perrine Nadaud, Fabienne Rajas, Gérard Slama, Irène Margaritis.
Arch Public Health. 2015-10-23. 73(1)
10.1186/s13690-015-0102-z -
Review of the nutritional benefits and risks related to intense sweeteners.
Olivier Bruyère, Serge H. Ahmed, Catherine Atlan, Jacques Belegaud, Murielle Bortolotti, Marie-Chantal Canivenc-Lavier, Sybil Charrière, Jean-Philippe Girardet, Sabine Houdart, Esther Kalonji, Perrine Nadaud, Fabienne Rajas, Gérard Slama, Irène Margaritis.
Arch Public Health. 2015-10-01. 73(1)
10.1186/s13690-015-0092-x -
Rats quit nicotine for a sweet reward following an extensive history of nicotine use.
Carmen Huynh, Justine Fam, Serge H. Ahmed, Kelly J. Clemens.
Addiction Biology. 2015-09-16. 22(1) : 142-151.
10.1111/adb.12306 -
Choosing under the influence: A drug-specific mechanism by which the setting controls drug choices in rats
Youna Vandaele, Lauriane Cantin, Fuschia Serre, Caroline Vouillac-Mendoza, Serge H Ahmed.
Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015-07-01. 41(2) : 646-657.
10.1038/npp.2015.195 -
Alternative models of addiction.
Hanna Pickard, Serge H. Ahmed, Bennett Foddy.
Front. Psychiatry. 2015-02-13. 6
10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00020 -
Escalation of cocaine intake and incubation of cocaine seeking are correlated with dissociable neuronal processes in different accumbens subregions.
Karine Guillem, Serge H. Ahmed, Laura L. Peoples.
Biological Psychiatry. 2014-07-01. 76(1) : 31-39.
10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.032 -
Coordinated Recruitment of Cortical-Subcortical Circuits and Ascending Dopamine and Serotonin Neurons During Inhibitory Control of Cocaine Seeking in Rats.
Sylvia Navailles, Karine Guillem, Caroline Vouillac-Mendoza, Serge H. Ahmed.
Cereb. Cortex. 2014-05-28. 25(9) : 3167-3181.
10.1093/cercor/bhu112 -
A redescription of data does not count as a general theory.
Serge H. Ahmed.
Psychopharmacology. 2014-05-27. 231(19) : 3909-3910.
10.1007/s00213-014-3622-2 -
Drug versus sweet reward: greater attraction to and preference for sweet versus drug cues.
Heather B. Madsen, Serge H. Ahmed.
Addiction Biology. 2014-03-07. 20(3) : 433-444.
10.1111/adb.12134 -
Neurobiology of addiction versus drug use driven by lack of choice.
Serge H Ahmed, Magalie Lenoir, Karine Guillem.
Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2013-08-01. 23(4) : 581-587.
10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.028 -
Sugar addiction: pushing the drug-sugar analogy to the limit.
Serge H. Ahmed, Karine Guillem, Youna Vandaele.
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 2013-07-01. 16(4) : 434-439.
10.1097/mco.0b013e328361c8b8 -
A choice-based screening method for compulsive drug users in rats.
Magalie Lenoir, Eric Augier, Caroline Vouillac, Serge H. Ahmed.
Current Protocols in Neuroscience. 2013-07-01. 64(1) : 9.44.1-9.44.17.
10.1002/0471142301.ns0944s64 -
Levodopa gains psychostimulant-like properties after nigral dopaminergic loss.
Michel Engeln, Stefania Fasano, Serge H. Ahmed, Martine Cador, Veerle Baekelandt, Erwan Bezard, Pierre-Olivier Fernagut.
Ann Neurol.. 2013-07-01. 74(1) : 140-144.
10.1002/ana.23881 -
Discriminative inhibitory control of cocaine seeking involves the prelimbic prefrontal cortex.
Claudia Mihindou, Karine Guillem, Sylvia Navailles, Caroline Vouillac, Serge H. Ahmed.
Biological Psychiatry. 2013-02-01. 73(3) : 271-279.
10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.08.011 -
Extended heroin access increases heroin choices over a potent nondrug alternative
Magalie Lenoir, Lauriane Cantin, Nathalie Vanhille, Fuschia Serre, Serge H Ahmed.
Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013-01-15. 38(7) : 1209-1220.
10.1038/npp.2013.17 -
Reinforcing properties of Pramipexole in normal and parkinsonian rats.
Michel Engeln, Serge H. Ahmed, Caroline Vouillac, François Tison, Erwan Bezard, Pierre-Olivier Fernagut.
Neurobiology of Disease. 2013-01-01. 49 : 79-86.
10.1016/j.nbd.2012.08.005 -
Animal studies of addictive behavior.
L. J. M. J. Vanderschuren, S. H. Ahmed.
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2012-12-18. 3(4) : a011932-a011932.
10.1101/cshperspect.a011932 -
The science of making drug-addicted animals.
S.H. Ahmed.
Neuroscience. 2012-06-01. 211 : 107-125.
10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.014 -
Sugars, addiction and obesity
S. H. Ahmed.
Obes. 2012-02-03. 7(1) : 3-9.
10.1007/s11690-012-0307-z -
Toward an evolutionary basis for resilience to drug addiction.
Serge H. Ahmed.
Behav Brain Sci. 2011-11-10. 34(06) : 310-311.
10.1017/s0140525x11000677 -
Drug specificity in extended access cocaine and heroin self-administration.
Magalie Lenoir, Karyn Guillem, George F. Koob, Serge H. Ahmed.
Addiction Biology. 2011-10-13. 17(6) : 964-976.
10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00385.x -
Diazepam promotes choice of abstinence in cocaine self-administering rats.
Eric Augier, Caroline Vouillac, Serge H. Ahmed.
Addiction Biology. 2011-09-28. 17(2) : 378-391.
10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00368.x -
Preclinical validation of a novel cocaine exposure therapy for relapse prevention.
Claudia Mihindou, Caroline Vouillac, George F. Koob, Serge H. Ahmed.
Biological Psychiatry. 2011-09-01. 70(6) : 593-598.
10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.03.036 -
Cracking the molecular code of cocaine addiction.
S. H. Ahmed, P. J. Kenny.
ILAR Journal. 2011-01-01. 52(3) : 309-320.
10.1093/ilar.52.3.309 -
Validation crisis in animal models of drug addiction: beyond non-disordered drug use toward drug addiction.
Serge H. Ahmed.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2010-11-01. 35(2) : 172-184.
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.04.005 -
Cocaine is low on the value ladder of rats: Possible evidence for resilience to addiction
Lauriane Cantin, Magalie Lenoir, Eric Augier, Nathalie Vanhille, Sarah Dubreucq, Fuschia Serre, Caroline Vouillac, Serge H. Ahmed.
PLoS ONE. 2010-07-28. 5(7) : e11592.
10.1371/journal.pone.0011592 -
Sugar overconsumption during adolescence selectively alters motivation and reward function in adult rats.
Leandro F. Vendruscolo, Aliou B. Gueye, Muriel Darnaudéry, Serge H. Ahmed, Martine Cador.
PLoS ONE. 2010-02-19. 5(2) : e9296.
10.1371/journal.pone.0009296 -
Risk-prone individuals prefer the wrong options on a rat version of the Iowa Gambling Task.
Marion Rivalan, Serge H. Ahmed, Françoise Dellu-Hagedorn.
Biological Psychiatry. 2009-10-01. 66(8) : 743-749.
10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.04.008 -
Computational approaches to the neurobiology of drug addiction.
S. H. Ahmed, M. Graupner, B. Gutkin.
Pharmacopsychiatry. 2009-05-01. 42(S 01) : S144-S152.
10.1055/s-0029-1216345 -
Supply of a nondrug substitute reduces escalated heroin consumption.
Magalie Lenoir, Serge H Ahmed.
Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007-10-31. 33(9) : 2272-2282.
10.1038/sj.npp.1301602 -
The simulation of addiction: pharmacological and neurocomputational models of drug self-administration.
Ahmed SH, Bobashev G, Gutkin BS..
Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2007-10-01. 90(2-3) : 304-311.
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.01.008 -
Intense sweetness surpasses cocaine reward
Magalie Lenoir, Fuschia Serre, Lauriane Cantin, Serge H. Ahmed.
PLoS ONE. 2007-08-01. 2(8) : e698.
10.1371/journal.pone.0000698 -
A critical transition in cocaine self-administration: behavioral and neurobiological implications.
Amandine Zittel-Lazarini, Martine Cador, Serge H. Ahmed.
Psychopharmacology. 2007-02-21. 192(3) : 337-346.
10.1007/s00213-007-0724-0 -
Explaining the escalation of drug use in substance dependence: models and appropriate animal laboratory tests.
Gerald Zernig, Serge H. Ahmed, Rudolf N. Cardinal, Drake Morgan, Elio Acquas, Richard W. Foltin, Paul Vezina, S. Stevens Negus, Jose A. Crespo, Petra Stöckl, Petra Grubinger, Ekkehard Madlung, Christian Haring, Martin Kurz, Alois Saria.
Pharmacology. 2007-01-01. 80(2-3) : 65-119.
10.1159/000103923 -
Heroin-induced reinstatement is specific to compulsive heroin use and dissociable from heroin reward and sensitization.
Magalie Lenoir, Serge H Ahmed.
Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006-04-26. 32(3) : 616-624.
10.1038/sj.npp.1301083 -
Imbalance between drug and non-drug reward availability: a major risk factor for addiction.
Serge H. Ahmed.
European Journal of Pharmacology. 2005-12-01. 526(1-3) : 9-20.
10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.09.036 -
Gene expression evidence for remodeling of lateral hypothalamic circuitry in cocaine addiction.
S. H. Ahmed, R. Lutjens, L. D. van der Stap, D. Lekic, V. Romano-Spica, M. Morales, G. F. Koob, V. Repunte-Canonigo, P. P. Sanna.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2005-08-02. 102(32) : 11533-11538.
10.1073/pnas.0504438102 -
Dissociation of psychomotor sensitization from compulsive cocaine consumption.
Serge H Ahmed, Martine Cador.
Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005-07-20. 31(3) : 563-571.
10.1038/sj.npp.1300834 -
Mesolimbic dopamine drives the diurnal variation in opiate-induced feeding.
M BARBANO, L STINUS, M CADOR, S AHMED.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 2005-07-01. 81(3) : 569-574.
10.1016/j.pbb.2005.04.009 -
Transition to drug addiction: a negative reinforcement model based on an allostatic decrease in reward function.
Serge H. Ahmed, George F. Koob.
Psychopharmacology. 2005-02-25. 180(3) : 473-490.
10.1007/s00213-005-2180-z -
Neuroscience. Addiction as compulsive reward prediction.
S. H. Ahmed.
Science. 2004-12-10. 306(5703) : 1901-1902.
10.1126/science.1107071 -
Chronic morphine treatment alters N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in freshly isolated neurons from nucleus accumbens.
G. Martin.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2004-05-26. 311(1) : 265-273.
10.1124/jpet.104.067504 -
A non-invasive gating device for continuous drug delivery that allows control over the timing and duration of spontaneous opiate withdrawal.
M.R Azar, S.H Ahmed, R Lintz, T Gutierrez, L Stinus, G.F Koob.
Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 2004-05-01. 135(1-2) : 129-135.
10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.12.008 -
Changes in response to a dopamine receptor antagonist in rats with escalating cocaine intake.
Serge H. Ahmed, George F. Koob.
Psychopharmacology. 2004-04-01. 172(4) : 450-454.
10.1007/s00213-003-1682-9 -
Escalation of cocaine self-administration does not depend on altered cocaine-induced nucleus accumbens dopamine levels.
Serge H. Ahmed, Daniel Lin, George F. Koob, Loren H. Parsons.
Journal of Neurochemistry. 2004-02-04. 86(1) : 102-113.
10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01833.x -
Neurobiological mechanisms in the transition from drug use to drug dependence.
George F Koob, Serge H Ahmed, Benjamin Boutrel, Scott A Chen, Paul J Kenny, Athina Markou, Laura E O'Dell, Loren H Parsons, Pietro Paolo Sanna.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2004-01-01. 27(8) : 739-749.
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.11.007 -
The transition from controlled to compulsive drug use is associated with a loss of sensitization.
Osnat Ben-Shahar, Serge H. Ahmed, George F. Koob, Aaron Ettenberg.
Brain Research. 2004-01-01. 995(1) : 46-54.
10.1016/j.brainres.2003.09.053 -
Conditioning and opiate withdrawal.
G. Schulteis, S. H. Ahmed, A. C. Morse, G. F. Koob, B. J. Everitt.
Nature. 2000-06-01. 405(6790) : 1013-1014.
10.1038/35016630 -
Persistent increase in the motivation to take heroin in rats with a history of drug escalation.
S Ahmed.
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000-04-01. 22(4) : 413-421.
10.1016/s0893-133x(99)00133-5 -
Microinjections of an opiate receptor antagonist into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis suppress heroin self-administration in dependent rats.
John R. Walker, Serge H. Ahmed, K.Noelle Gracy, George F. Koob.
Brain Research. 2000-01-01. 854(1-2) : 85-92.
10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02288-x -
Long-lasting increase in the set point for cocaine self-administration after escalation in rats.
S. H. Ahmed, George F. Koob.
Psychopharmacology. 1999-10-04. 146(3) : 303-312.
10.1007/s002130051121 -
Transition from moderate to excessive drug intake: change in hedonic set point.
S. H. Ahmed.
Science. 1998-10-09. 282(5387) : 298-300.
10.1126/science.282.5387.298 -
Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor blockade enhances conditioned aversive properties of cocaine in rats.
S. C. Heinrichs, Alwin Klaassen, George F. Koob, Gery Schulteis, Serge Ahmed, Errol B. De Souza.
Psychopharmacology. 1998-03-23. 136(3) : 247-255.
10.1007/s002130050563 -
Amphetamine-induced conditioned activity is insensitive to perturbations known to affect pavlovian conditioned responses in rats.
Serge H. Ahmed, Luis Stinus, Martine Cador.
Behavioral Neuroscience. 1998-01-01. 112(5) : 1167-1176.
10.1037//0735-7044.112.5.1167 -
Cocaine- but not food-seeking behavior is reinstated by stress after extinction.
S. H. Ahmed, George F. Koob.
Psychopharmacology. 1997-08-05. 132(3) : 289-295.
10.1007/s002130050347 -
Amphetamine-induced conditioned activity does not result from a failure of rats to habituate to novelty.
S. H. Ahmed, P. Oberling, G. Sandner, G. Di Scala.
Psychopharmacology. 1996-02-01. 123(4) : 325-332.
10.1007/bf02246642 -
Amphetamine-induced conditioned activity in rats: comparison with novelty-induced activity and role of the basolateral amygdala.
Serge H. Ahmed, Martine Cador, Michel Le Moal, Luis Stinus.
Behavioral Neuroscience. 1995-01-01. 109(4) : 723-733.
10.1037//0735-7044.109.4.723 -
Social deprivation enhances the vulnerability of male Wistar rats to stressor- and amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization.
S. H. Ahmed, L. Stinus, M. Le Moal, M. Cador.
Psychopharmacology. 1995-01-01. 117(1) : 116-124.
10.1007/bf02245106 -
Corticotropin-releasing factor induces a place aversion independent of its neuroendocrine role.
M. Cador, S.H. Ahmed, G.F. Koob, M. Le Moal, L. Stinus.
Brain Research. 1992-12-01. 597(2) : 304-309.
10.1016/0006-8993(92)91487-y