Rapid detection of generalized anxiety disorder and major depression in epilepsy: Validation of the GAD-7 as a complementary tool to the NDDI-E in a French sample
Epilepsy & Behavior. 2016-04-01; 57: 211-216
DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.02.015
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1. Epilepsy Behav. 2016 Apr;57(Pt A):211-216. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.02.015. Epub
2016 Mar 16.
Rapid detection of generalized anxiety disorder and major depression in epilepsy:
Validation of the GAD-7 as a complementary tool to the NDDI-E in a French sample.
Micoulaud-Franchi JA(1), Lagarde S(2), Barkate G(3), Dufournet B(2), Besancon
C(3), Trébuchon-Da Fonseca A(4), Gavaret M(4), Bartolomei F(5), Bonini F(4),
McGonigal A(6).
Author information:
(1)Services d’explorations fonctionnelles du système nerveux, Clinique du
sommeil, CHU de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba-Leon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; USR
CNRS 3413 SANPSY, CHU Pellegrin, Université de Bordeaux, France.
(2)Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, 13005
Marseille, France.
(3)Hôpital Henri Gastaut, Etablissement Hospitalier Spécialisé dans le traitement
des Epilepsies, 300 Boulevard de Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
(4)Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, 13005
Marseille, France; INSERM UMR 1106, INS, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille,
France; Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France.
(5)Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, 13005
Marseille, France; INSERM UMR 1106, INS, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille,
France; Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France; Hôpital
Henri Gastaut, Etablissement Hospitalier Spécialisé dans le traitement des
Epilepsies, 300 Boulevard de Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
(6)Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, 13005
Marseille, France; INSERM UMR 1106, INS, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille,
France; Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France.
Electronic address: .
OBJECTIVE: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in people with epilepsy (PWE) is
underdiagnosed and undertreated. The GAD-7 is a screening questionnaire to detect
GAD. However, the usefulness of the GAD-7 as a screening tool in PWE remains to
be validated. Thus, we aimed to: (1) validate the GAD-7 in French PWE and (2)
assess its complementarity with regard to the previously validated screening tool
for depression, the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy
(NDDI-E).
METHODS: This study was performed under the auspices of the ILAE Commission on
Neuropsychiatry. People with epilepsy >18 years of age were recruited from the
specialist epilepsy unit in Marseille, France. The Mini-International
Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was performed as gold standard, and the Penn
State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) and the NDDI-E were performed for external
validity. Data were compared between PWE with/without GAD using Chi(2) test and
Student’s t-test. Internal structural validity, external validity, and receiver
operator characteristics were analyzed. A principal component factor analysis
with Varimax rotation was performed on the 13 items of the GAD-7 (7 items) plus
the NDDI-E (6 items).
RESULTS: Testing was performed on 145 PWE: mean age = 39.38 years old (SD=14.01,
range: 18-75); 63.4% (92) women; 75.9% with focal epilepsy. Using the MINI, 49
(33.8%) patients had current GAD. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.898,
indicating satisfactory internal consistency. Correlation between GAD-7 and the
PSQW scores was high (r (145)=.549, P