Cannabis smoking impairs driving performance on the simulator and real driving: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.
Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2018-06-06; 32(5): 558-570
DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12382
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1. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Oct;32(5):558-570. doi: 10.1111/fcp.12382. Epub 2018
Jun 6.
Cannabis smoking impairs driving performance on the simulator and real driving: a
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.
Micallef J(1)(2), Dupouey J(1)(2), Jouve E(1)(2), Truillet R(1)(2), Lacarelle
B(3), Taillard J(4), Daurat A(5), Authié C(6), Blin O(1)(2), Rascol O(7), Philip
P(4), Mestre D(8).
Author information:
(1)Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance & CIC-CPCET, Assistance
Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385, Marseille, France.
(2)Aix-Marseille Universite Faculté de Médecine, INS – Institut de Neurosciences
des Systèmes INSERM UMR 1106 Marseille, Marseille, France.
(3)Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux
de Marseille, Marseille, France.
(4)Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Sommeil Attention et Neuropsychiatrie, USR 3413,
Bordeaux, France.
(5)Université Toulouse II, CNRS, EPHE, CLLE-LTC UMR 5263, Toulouse, France.
(6)Institut de la Vision, CNRS, UPMC, INSERM, UMR 7210, Paris, France.
(7)Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Clinical Investigation
Center INSERM CIC1436 and Clinique Spatiale MEDES, University Hospital and
University of Toulouse3, Toulouse, France.
(8)Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, UMR 7287,
Marseille, France.
Driving experiments in real conditions are considered as a ‘gold standard’ to
evaluate the effects of drugs on driving performance. Several constraints are
difficult to manage in these conditions, so driving simulation appears as the
best alternative. A preliminary comparison is crucial before being able to use
driving simulation as a valid evaluation method. The aim of this study was to
design a driving simulation method for assessing drug effects on driving. We used
cannabis (THC) as a positive control and assessed whether THC affects driving
performance in simulation conditions and whether these effects are consistent
with performance in real driving conditions. A double-blind, placebo-controlled,
two successive two-way crossover design was performed using cigarettes containing
20 mg of THC. Healthy occasional users of THC, aged 25-35 years, who had a
consistent driving experience were included. The first two sessions were realized
in simulation conditions, and the last two sessions were in real driving
conditions. Driving performance was estimated through inappropriate line
crossings (ILC) and the standard deviation of the vehicle’s lateral position.
Participants felt significantly drowsier and more tired after THC, whatever the
driving condition. Driving stability was significantly impaired after THC, both
in simulated and real driving conditions. We also found that ILC were
significantly more numerous in driving simulation conditions, as compared to real
driving. In conclusion, the driving simulator was proven to be more sensitive for
demonstrating THC-induced effects on driving performances. Driving simulation
appears to be a good qualitative predictor of driving safety after drug intake.
© 2018 Société Française de Pharmacologie et de Thérapeutique.
DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12382
PMID: 29752828