Attenuated Glial Reactivity on Topographically Functionalized Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene):P-Toluene Sulfonate (PEDOT:PTS) Neuroelectrodes Fabricated by Microimprint Lithography
Small. 2018-06-03; 14(28): 1800863
DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800863
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Vallejo-Giraldo C(1), Krukiewicz K(1)(2), Calaresu I(3), Zhu J(4), Palma M(4), Fernandez-Yague M(1), McDowell B(5), Peixoto N(5), Farid N(6), O’Connor G(6), Ballerini L(3), Pandit A(1), Biggs MJP(1).
Author information:
(1)CÚRAM-Centre for Research in Medical Devices-Galway, Biosciences Research
Building, 118 Corrib Village, Newcastle, Galway, H91 D577, Ireland.
(2)Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian
University of Technology, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland.
(3)Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea, 265,
34136, Trieste, Italy.
(4)School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London,
Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK.
(5)Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Mason University,
4400 University Drive, MS-1G5 Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
(6)School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road,
Galway, H91 CF50, Ireland.
Following implantation, neuroelectrode functionality is susceptible to
deterioration via reactive host cell response and glial scar-induced
encapsulation. Within the neuroengineering community, there is a consensus that
the induction of selective adhesion and regulated cellular interaction at the
tissue-electrode interface can significantly enhance device interfacing and
functionality in vivo. In particular, topographical modification holds promise
for the development of functionalized neural interfaces to mediate initial cell
adhesion and the subsequent evolution of gliosis, minimizing the onset of a
proinflammatory glial phenotype, to provide long-term stability. Herein, a
low-temperature microimprint-lithography technique for the development of
micro-topographically functionalized neuroelectrode interfaces in
electrodeposited poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):p-toluene sulfonate (PEDOT:PTS)
is described and assessed in vitro. Platinum (Pt) microelectrodes are subjected
to electrodeposition of a PEDOT:PTS microcoating, which is subsequently
topographically functionalized with an ordered array of micropits, inducing a
significant reduction in electrode electrical impedance and an increase in charge
storage capacity. Furthermore, topographically functionalized electrodes reduce
the adhesion of reactive astrocytes in vitro, evident from morphological changes
in cell area, focal adhesion formation, and the synthesis of proinflammatory
cytokines and chemokine factors. This study contributes to the understanding of
gliosis in complex primary mixed cell cultures, and describes the role of
micro-topographically modified neural interfaces in the development of stable
microelectrode interfaces.
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