Adolescents Who Are Overweight or Obese Exhibit Weaker Spatial and Verbal Working Memory Compared with Healthy-Weight Peers

Leonor García-Gómez, Cesar Romero-Rebollar, Guillaume Ferreira, Lucile Capuron, Ruth Gutiérrez-Aguilar, Salvador Villalpando-Carrión, Gustavo Pacheco-López, , Guillaume Ferreira, Gustavo Pacheco-López, Etienne Coutureau, Ranier Gutierrez, Pascal Barat, Federico Bermúdez-Rattoni, Gwenaelle Catheline, Claudia I Pérez, Pauline Lafenêtre, Daniel Osorio-Gómez, Kioko Guzman-Ramos, Fabien Naneix, Ernesto Sanz-Arigita, Ioannis Bakoyiannis
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2026-02-27; 41(3):
DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acag015

Abstract

Background
Previous studies link obesity to neurophysiological changes, however cognitive outcomes in adolescents who are overweight or obese, especially with their eating behavior, require further documentation.

Objective
To examine the association between body mass index (BMI), eating behavior, and cognitive performance in Mexican adolescents.

Method
Urban Mexican adolescents completed CANTAB tasks assessing spatial memory (PAL: Paired Associates Learning; SSP: Spatial Span), verbal memory (VRM: Verbal Recognition Memory), and emotional recognition (ERT: Emotion Recognition Task), as well as eating behavior measures. Cognitive performance was compared between normal-weight and overweight and obesity groups. Hierarchical regressions tested BMI and eating disorder symptoms as predictors of cognition.

Results
The overweight and obesity group showed significantly poorer performance on PAL and SSP. Multivariate analyses revealed BMI, sex, and age predicted PAL, SSP, and VRM performance. Eating behavior differed by weight group, but only eating disorder symptoms predicted cognition. Neither BMI nor eating behavior predicted ERT performance.

Conclusions
Spatial working memory is weaker in adolescents who are overweight or obese. Higher BMI also relates to poorer verbal memory, expanding known executive function deficits. Overall, these data reinforce the evidence on the negative effects of hyperadiposity on cognitive performance in adolescents.