Genetic variants for head size share genes and pathways with cancer

Knol MJ(1), Poot RA(2), Evans TE(3), Satizabal CL(4), Mishra A(5),
Sargurupremraj M(6), van der Auwera S(7), Duperron MG(5), Jian X(8), Hostettler
IC(9), van Dam-Nolen DHK(10), Lamballais S(11), Pawlak MA(12), Lewis CE(13),
Carrion-Castillo A(14), van Erp TGM(15), Reinbold CS(16), Shin J(17), Scholz
M(18), Håberg AK(19), Kämpe A(20), Li GHY(21), Avinun R(22), Atkins JR(23), Hsu
FC(24), Amod AR(25), Lam M(26), Tsuchida A(27), Teunissen MWA(28), Aygün N(29),
Patel Y(30), Liang D(29), Beiser AS(31), Beyer F(32), Bis JC(33), Bos D(34),
Bryan RN(35), Bülow R(36), Caspers S(37), Catheline G(38), Cecil CAM(39), Dalvie
S(25), Dartigues JF(40), DeCarli C(41), Enlund-Cerullo M(42), Ford JM(43),
Franke B(44), Freedman BI(45), Friedrich N(46), Green MJ(47), Haworth S(48),
Helmer C(49), Hoffmann P(50), Homuth G(51), Ikram MK(52), Jack CR Jr(53),
Jahanshad N(54), Jockwitz C(55), Kamatani Y(56), Knodt AR(22), Li S(57), Lim
K(58), Longstreth WT(59), Macciardi F(60); Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research
in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium; Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics
through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium; Mäkitie O(61), Mazoyer B(62), Medland
SE(63), Miyamoto S(64), Moebus S(65), Mosley TH(66), Muetzel R(39), Mühleisen
TW(67), Nagata M(64), Nakahara S(68), Palmer ND(69), Pausova Z(17), Preda A(70),
Quidé Y(47), Reay WR(23), Roshchupkin GV(34), Schmidt R(71), Schreiner PJ(72),
Setoh K(56), Shapland CY(73), Sidney S(74), St Pourcain B(75), Stein JL(29),
Tabara Y(56), Teumer A(76), Uhlmann A(25), van der Lugt A(10), Vernooij MW(34),
Werring DJ(77), Windham BG(66), Witte AV(32), Wittfeld K(7), Yang Q(57), Yoshida
K(64), Brunner HG(78), Le Grand Q(79), Sim K(80), Stein DJ(81), Bowden DW(69),
Cairns MJ(23), Hariri AR(22), Cheung CL(82), Andersson S(83), Villringer A(84),
Paus T(85), Cichon S(86), Calhoun VD(87), Crivello F(88), Launer LJ(89), White
T(90), Koudstaal PJ(91), Houlden H(77), Fornage M(92), Matsuda F(56), Grabe
HJ(93), Ikram MA(1), Debette S(94), Thompson PM(54), Seshadri S(4), Adams
HHH(95).

Collaborators: Amouyel P, Arfanakis K, Aribisala BS, Bastin ME, Chauhan G, Chen
C, Cheng CY, de Jager PL, Deary IJ, Fleischman DA, Gottesman RF, Gudnason V,
Hilal S, Hofer E, Janowitz D, Jukema JW, Liewald DCM, Lopez LM, Lopez O, Luciano
M, Martinez O, Niessen WJ, Nyquist P, Rotter JI, Rundek T, Sacco RL, Schmidt H,
Tiemeier H, Trompet S, van der Grond J, Völzke H, Wardlaw JM, Yanek L, Yang J,
Agartz I, Alhusaini S, Almasy L, Ames D, Amunts K, Andreassen OA, Armstrong N,
Bernard M, Blangero J, Blanken LME, Boks MP, Boomsma DI, Brickman AM, Brodaty H,
Buckner RL, Buitelaar JK, Cannon DM, Carr VJ, Catts SV, Chakravarty MM, Chen Q,
Ching CRK, Corvin A, Crespo-Facorro B, Curran JE, Davies GE, de Geus EJC, de
Zubicaray GI, den Braber A, Desrivières S, Dillman A, Djurovic S, Drevets WC,
Duggirala R, Ehrlich S, Erk S, Espeseth T, Fedko IO, Fernández G, Fisher SE,
Foroud TM, Ge T, Giddaluru S, Glahn DC, Goldman AL, Green RC, Greven CU, Grimm
O, Hansell NK, Hartman CA, Hashimoto R, Heinz A, Henskens F, Hibar DP, Ho BC,
Hoekstra PJ, Holmes AJ, Hoogman M, Hottenga JJ, Hulshoff Pol HE, Jablensky A,
Jenkinson M, Jia T, Jöckel KH, Jönsson EG, Kim S, Klein M, Kochunov P, Kwok JB,
Lawrie SM, Le Hellard S, Lemaître H, Loughland C, Marquand AF, Martin NG,
Martinot JL, Matarin M, Mathalon DH, Mather KA, Mattay VS, McDonald C, McMahon
FJ, McMahon KL, E R, McWhirter, Mecocci P, Melle I, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Michie
PT, Milaneschi Y, Morris DW, Mowry B, Nho K, Nichols TE, Nöthen MN, Olvera RL,
Oosterlaan J, Ophoff RA, Pandolfo M, Pantelis C, Pappa I, Penninx B, Pike GB,
Rasser PE, Rentería ME, Reppermund S, Rietschel M, Risacher SL,
Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Rose EJ, Sachdev PS, Sämann PG, Saykin AJ, Schall U,
Schofield PR, Schramm S, Schumann G, Scott R, Shen L, Sisodiya SM, Soininen H,
Sprooten E, Srikanth V, Steen VM, Strike LT, Thalamuthu A, Toga AW, Tooney P,
Tordesillas-Gutiérrez D, Turner JA, Valdés Hernández MDC, van der Meer D, Van
der Wee NJA, Van Haren NEM, van ‘t Ent D, Veltman DJ, Walter H, Weinberger DR,
Weiner MW, Wen W, Westlye LT, Westman E, Winkler AM, Woldehawariat G, Wright MJ,
Wu J.

Author information:
(1)Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam,
the Netherlands.
(2)Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam,
the Netherlands.
(3)Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center,
Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
(4)Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health
San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA,
USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA,
USA.
(5)University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center,
team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France.
(6)Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health
San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
(7)Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald,
Greifswald, Germany; German Centre of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site
Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
(8)Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School,
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
(9)Stroke Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology,
London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, University of
Munich, Munich, Germany; Neurosurgical Department, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen,
St. Gallen, Switzerland.
(10)Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical
Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
(11)Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center,
Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
(12)Department of Neurology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań,
Poland; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center,
Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
(13)Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama
at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA.
(14)Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for
Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
(15)Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and
Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for
the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine,
Irvine, CA, USA.
(16)Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland;
Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel,
Switzerland; Institute of Computational Life Sciences, Zurich University of
Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
(17)The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;
Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Canada.
(18)Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University
of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE Research Center for Civilization Disease,
Leipzig, Germany.
(19)Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of
Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Radiology and
Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
(20)Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University
Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
(21)Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine,
The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
(22)Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke
University, Durham, NC, USA.
(23)School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle,
Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter
Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
(24)Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School
of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
(25)Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
(26)North Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore; Population
and Global Health, LKC Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,
Singapore.
(27)University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center,
team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France; Groupe d’imagerie neurofonctionnelle,
Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
(28)Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen,
the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center+,
Maastricht, the Netherlands.
(29)Department of Genetics UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
(30)Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
(31)The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Neurology,
Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of
Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
(32)Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain
Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center 1052 Obesity
Mechanisms, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Day
Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
(33)Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
(34)Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam,
the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
(35)Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
(36)Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine
Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
(37)Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich,
Jülich, Germany; Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital
Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
(38)University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, team NeuroImagerie et
Cognition Humaine, Bordeaux, France; EPHE-PSL University, Bordeaux, France.
(39)Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam,
the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
(40)University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center,
team SEPIA, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France.
(41)Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of
California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
(42)Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University
Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
(43)San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA,
USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
(44)Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen,
the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center,
Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and
Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
(45)Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School
of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
(46)Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine
Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
(47)School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW,
Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
(48)Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
(49)University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center,
team LEHA, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France.
(50)Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland;
Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel,
Switzerland; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn Medical School,
Bonn, Germany.
(51)Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University
Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
(52)Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam,
the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center,
Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
(53)Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
(54)Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics
Institute, Keck USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
(55)Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich,
Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics,
RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany.
(56)Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine,
Kyoto, Japan.
(57)Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health,
Boston, MA, USA.
(58)Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
(59)Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA;
Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
(60)Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Human
Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
(61)Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University
Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and
Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center,
Helsinki, Finland.
(62)Groupe d’imagerie neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies
Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux,
France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
(63)Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane,
QLD, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD,
Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD,
Australia.
(64)Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine,
Kyoto, Japan.
(65)Institute for Urban Public Health, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany.
(66)Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Mississippi
Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative
Dementia (MIND) Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
(67)Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland;
Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich,
Germany; C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich
Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
(68)Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and
Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Unit 2,
Candidate Discovery Science Labs, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc,
21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
(69)Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem,
NC, USA.
(70)Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
(71)Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical
University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
(72)University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
(73)Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for
Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit,
University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, University of
Bristol, Bristol, UK.
(74)Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA.
(75)Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for
Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain,
Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; MRC
Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
(76)Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald,
Greifswald, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine
Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
(77)Stroke Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology,
London, UK.
(78)Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and
Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands;
Department of Clinical Genetics MUMC+, GROW School of Oncology and Developmental
Biology, and MHeNs School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht
University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
(79)Bordeaux Population Health, University of Bordeaux, INSERM U1219, Bordeaux,
France.
(80)West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin
School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,
Singapore.
(81)Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany;
SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South
Africa.
(82)Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine,
The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Genomic Sciences, Li
Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China.
(83)Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University
Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
(84)Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain
Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University
Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
(85)Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Centre
Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC,
Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University,
Montreal, QC, Canada.
(86)Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland;
Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel,
Switzerland; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre
Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
(87)Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data
Science (TReNDS) {Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory}, Atlanta, GA, USA.
(88)Groupe d’imagerie neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies
Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux,
France.
(89)Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, Intramural Research
Program, National Institute of Aging, The National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD, USA.
(90)Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical
Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
(91)Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam,
the Netherlands.
(92)Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School,
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Human
Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science
Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
(93)Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald,
Greifswald, Germany.
(94)Bordeaux Population Health, University of Bordeaux, INSERM U1219, Bordeaux,
France; Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France.
(95)Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen,
the Netherlands; Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo
Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: .

The size of the human head is highly heritable, but genetic drivers of its
variation within the general population remain unmapped. We perform a
genome-wide association study on head size (N = 80,890) and identify 67 genetic
loci, of which 50 are novel. Neuroimaging studies show that 17 variants affect
specific brain areas, but most have widespread effects. Gene set enrichment is
observed for various cancers and the p53, Wnt, and ErbB signaling pathways.
Genes harboring lead variants are enriched for macrocephaly syndrome genes
(37-fold) and high-fidelity cancer genes (9-fold), which is not seen for human
height variants. Head size variants are also near genes preferentially expressed
in intermediate progenitor cells, neural cells linked to evolutionary brain
expansion. Our results indicate that genes regulating early brain and cranial
growth incline to neoplasia later in life, irrespective of height. This warrants
investigation of clinical implications of the link between head size and cancer.

Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101529
PMCID: PMC11148644
PMID: 38703765 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of interests H.H. and I.C.H.
received funding from Alzheimer’s Research UK and the Dunhill Medical Trust
Foundation. M.A.P. reported receiving grants and personal and travel fees from
Roche, Novartis, Merck, and Biogen outside the submitted work. M. Scholz
receives funding from Pfizer Inc. for a project not related to this research.
C.D. serves as a consultant of Novartis Pharmaceuticals. B.F. has received
educational speaking fees from Medice. N.J. and P.M.T. are MPIs of a research
grant from Biogen Inc. for work unrelated to the contents of this manuscript.
D.J.W. received funding from the Stroke Foundation/British Heart Foundation.
D.J.S. has received consultancy honoraria from Discovery Vitality, Johnson &
Johnson, Kanna, L’Oreal, Lundbeck, Orion, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda, and Vistagen.
H.H. received funding from MRC, Wellcome Trust, and NIHR UCLH BRC. H.J.G. has
received travel grants and speaker’s honoraria from Fresenius Medical Care,
Neuraxpharm, and Janssen Cilag as well as research funding from Fresenius
Medical Care.

Auteurs Bordeaux Neurocampus