The endocannabinoid system is widely expressed both in the brain and in the periphery. This system regulates a plethora of physiological functions and is composed of cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands, and the enzymes involved in their metabolic processes. In the last few years, the development of new imaging and molecular tools has demonstrated that these receptors are distributed in many cell types (e.g., neuronal or glial cells) and intracellular compartments (e.g., mitochondria). Interestingly, cellular or molecular effects are differentially mediated by cannabinoid receptors according to their specific localization in different cell-types or in different subcellular locations. Moreover, the endocannabinoid system is also expressed throughout the body where it can serve to modulate the connection between the brain and the periphery. Finally, better understanding of the cannabinoid receptors structure and pharmacology has led researchers to propose interesting and new allosteric modulators of synaptic communication. The latest advances and innovative research in the cannabinoid field will provide new insights and better approaches to improve its interesting potential therapeutic profile. This special issue intends to bring together a series of empirical papers, targeted reviews and opinions from leaders in the field that will highlight the new advances in cannabinoid research.
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