The collision of pre- and postsynaptic activity is known to provide a trigger for controlling the gain of synaptic transmission between neurons. Here, using in vivo intracellular recordings of rat striatal output neurons, we analyse the effect of a single action potential, generated by ongoing synaptic activity, on subsequent excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex. This pairing induced a short-term increase in the probability that cortically evoked EPSPs caused striatal cells to fire. This enhanced EPSP-spike coupling was associated with a decrease in the voltage firing threshold with no apparent change in the synaptic strength itself. Antidromic action potentials in striatal cells were also able to induce the facilitation while subthreshold EPSPs were ineffective, indicating that the postsynaptic spike was necessary and sufficient for the induction of the plasticity. A prior spontaneous action potential also enhanced the probability with which directly applied current pulses elicited firing, suggesting that the facilitation originated from changes in the intrinsic electrical properties of the postsynaptic cell. Using whole-cell recordings in cortico-striatal slices, we found that the increase in membrane excitability as well as in EPSP-spike coupling was abolished by low concentration of 4-aminopyridine. This suggests that the intrinsic plasticity results from a time-dependent modulation of a striatal voltage-dependent potassium current available close to the firing threshold. Action potentials thus provide a postsynaptic signal, not only for associative synaptic plasticity but also for activity-dependent intrinsic plasticity, which directly controls the efficacy of coupling between pre- and postsynaptic neurons.